Pediatrics

A 7-year-old presents to Emergency Department with vomiting and abdominal pain for 1 day.

The child has had history of polydipsia, polyuria and weight loss for the last 3 weeks. Examination reveals dehydration and hypoactivity (see lab results). Blood pressure 90/50 mmH, Heart rate 110 /min, Respiratory rate 24 /min, Temperature 38.6 °C, Oxygen saturation 95 %, Weight 23 kg. ABG shows pH 7.12, HCO3 5, Ketones +4, Glucose +4. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?

  1. A Gastritis
  2. B Food poisoning
  3. C Diabetic ketoacidosis Correct answer
  4. D Urinary tract infection

Explanation

Core Concept: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus characterized by absolute insulin deficiency, leading to hyperglycemia, ketogenesis, and severe high anion gap metabolic acidosis.

Clinical Presentation:

  • Polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, vomiting, abdominal pain, Kussmaul respirations, and fruity breath odor.

Diagnosis:

  • First-line: Capillary blood glucose and urine ketones.
  • Gold Standard: Venous blood gas showing acidemia (pH < 7.30), low bicarbonate (< 15), and serum beta-hydroxybutyrate/ketones.

Management:

  • Acute: Aggressive IV fluid resuscitation (normal saline), continuous IV regular insulin infusion, and careful potassium replacement (as insulin shifts K+ intracellularly).
  • Long-term: Transition to a subcutaneous basal-bolus insulin regimen and comprehensive diabetes education.

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